The influence of a chronically implanted spinal cannula on the nociceptive response induced by mechanical. chemical or thermal stimuli was evaluated. The hyperalgesia in response to mechanical stimulation induced by carrageenin or prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was significantly increased in cannulated (Cn) rats. compared with naive (Nv) or sham-operated (Sh) rats. https://www.kingarte.com/product-category/espresso-makersespresso/